Kind: captions
Language: en
foreign
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is home to over a billion dogs
so in the USA there's more than 75
million dogs alone
everywhere now
they are
they're more than just great pets that's
my girl I love you too
dogs have helped make humans better
Hunters
better farmers
they protect people from danger
and might even save them from themselves
you could hug your dog the dogs changed
so many of them
it's amazing
what makes dogs so special
genetics and Behavioral Science are now
starting to unlock their secrets
the last decade in dog science has been
the most exciting there's ever been this
is just the most amazing time to be a
dog scientist
where did they come from
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how did they evolve from wild beast
to lap dog fox Behavior looks like dog
it's impossible not love them
how can dogs look so different yet still
be dogs
what lies behind a dog's affection for
humans are dogs living with us because
we feed them or are they living with us
because they love us
yeah
and could the answer finally explain our
species enduring friendship
I feel that we've cracked the puzzle of
domestication
dog tails
right now on Nova
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thank you
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Humanity's best friend
the dog
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they come in all shapes and sizes
but whatever the breed a pooch can make
you feel like a million bucks hug good
girl
they bring me so much happiness and
companionship
I would dive in front of traffic for her
I would do anything for you
dogs and humans
we're the best duo in all of
evolutionary history
is Humanity's oldest friend
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of our relationship have long been a
mystery
but now scientists are making
extraordinary breakthroughs you all let
me know when she's ready and I'll start
they are coming to the conclusion that
the bond between our species runs even
deeper than we thought
and might explain how these once wild
animals became Humanity's perfect
partner
foreign
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but how do they feel about humans
it certainly looks like love but could
they just be in it for the food
seems like an impossible question to
answer we can't ask them but could we
read their minds
laugh
s
here in Atlanta a unique experiment is
underway
Kalin is visiting Emory University
good to see you she's part of a special
project run by Gregory Burns
okay yes are we going to do some work
today
he's attempting to resolve the biggest
question about dogs the party line would
say that dogs in some way are scam
artists that in fact the only reason
that they they live with us is because
we feed them and and because we provide
shelter
she is ready so the core of this project
is the questions are dogs living with us
because we feed them
or are they living with us because they
love us
and to me that's all the difference in
the world
to understand just what a dog is
thinking Gregory has trained them to lie
in a brain Imaging MRI machine
you know the traditional way is to
understand what dogs are thinking is to
look at their behavior
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but the problem with that is that dogs
will often do things we don't expect
brain Imaging gets around these problems
by going directly to the brain in
essence bypassing behavior and and go
directly to the organ that causes
everything to happen
the dogs in the study are trained to
relate toys to different outcomes
foreign
car the dogs learn to expect praise
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when it sees a blue night
it learns to expect some sausage
by comparing those two conditions the
anticipation in particular to food
versus human we can go in and look at
the reward system of the brain and see
which one is higher or not or are they
equal perhaps
the level of pleasure the dog
experiences is determined by the amount
of the neurotransmitter dopamine the
brain releases revealed on the scan by
increased blood flow to specific regions
so Lori if you want to fade out of you
and then we'll do the toys
Gregory has conducted this experiment on
numerous dogs
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and the scans are a revelation
so these colored areas represent what
dogs brands do when they're anticipating
food and actually isn't showing very
much happening which means that on
average the dogs probably didn't care as
much about the food as we thought
but when expecting praise
the dopamine levels are regularly higher
now we actually do see quite a bit of
activity
what that speaks to is the fact that
praise is very interesting to the dogs
that was a good job the brain scans show
unambiguously that most dogs love praise
just as much as food and some dogs love
praise even more
who's a good girl you are
these results show that the social bond
is as strong as the food that we're
providing to dogs and that it's
intrinsically rewarding in and of itself
and to me that's about as close as you
can say that a dog loves you
they are really special animals
our relationship from a species to
species level just seems to be so
amazing and enmeshed
so some may ask how did humans ever come
to find an animal that seems perfectly
fit for us how did they ever come to
exist
the answer to this canine mystery lies
in the distant past
with an animal not known for
friendliness
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the wolf
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folklore is filled with Tales of these
frightening predators
even today a wolf's Eerie howl can
freeze blood
yet genetic research has revealed that
all dogs originally evolved from the
gray wolf
an animal that has roamed the breadth of
the northern hemisphere for at least
three hundred thousand years
the gray wolf may look like a modern dog
but it's a very different creature
an apex predator
foreign
and ruthless carnivore with a bone
splintering bite
so how did that
give rise to this
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at the Royal Belgian Institute of
Natural Sciences paleontologist Michi
hermanprey oversees a collection of Ice
Age wolf bones so I have here a skull of
a typical wild wolf so it's a big circle
it's from a big animal and what is very
special is this long elongated snout
now I will show you
to go of a modern dog
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so you see immediately that it's not as
much shorter and wider
the relative proportions of the skulls
of wolves and dogs are markedly
different
but in 2008 Michi made an intriguing
discovery
she was studying a 30 000 year old wolf
skull called the Goya skull named after
the cave it had been excavated from in
the 19th century
at that time the discoverers thought it
was the skull of a wolf but I was not
very happy with that because it looked
different to me
michi's careful measurements backed up
her hunch
this was no ordinary wolf
this girl is
clearly smaller than the skull of wild
wolves the snout is wider and shorter
more comparable to the skull of the
modern dogs
the shape of the wolf's gold seemed to
be halfway between a wolf and a modern
dog
a Proto dog
the Goya skull was not unique
hunting through other European
collections Michi uncovered more
dog-like wolf skulls also around 30 000
years old
could these strange-shaped European
wolves be the ancestors of modern dogs
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bones alone cannot answer that question
scientists would need a much more
precise tool
Oxford University is home to the
paleobond DNA Laboratory
Gregor Larson is the lead researcher
we are trying to establish a pattern
through time and space of the different
genetic signatures that dog populations
and wolf populations have had across the
world over the last 20 to 30 thousand
years
thanks to recent advances in sampling
technology forensic DNA examinations can
now be conducted on prehistoric bone
allowing them to compare michi's 30 000
year old specimens to Modern dog DNA
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if dog domestication took place 30 000
years ago and there was an unbroken line
between those dogs and the dogs that we
currently have sleeping on our sofas
then you would expect that the genetics
of those dogs 30 000 years ago would
match the modern populations
but the limited genetic information that
we have from the canads that would be
dogs from thirty thousand years ago
doesn't match modern dogs at all
michi's 30 000 year old European
proto-dogs appear to have left no
descendants
but Gregor's team also tested samples
from nearly a hundred other prehistoric
candids
and in this data they have found the
earliest known ancestors of modern dogs
between 12 and 15 or 16 000 years ago we
do find specimens that are starting to
possess genetic signatures that match
those that we find in modern populations
but it isn't as simple as a single
ancestral line
they found several spread across Eurasia
so it looks like within dogs we have
three geographically partitioned
populations that are differentiated
genetically and geographically the three
ancestral dog populations and michi's
extinct Proto dogs do however share one
thing in common
something that may give a clue to how
dogs appeared in the first place
they were all found at sites associated
with another creature
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humans
archaeological evidence shows that forty
thousand years ago modern humans began
moving into Northern Eurasia replacing
the Neanderthals who came before them
and apparently initiating a
transformation in the Wolves they
encountered
really something is what's going on
there once modern humans arrived in
Europe we see that the wolf remains
start to change
the evidence suggests dog like wolves
may have appeared several times over the
thousands of years since people arrived
always in places where wolves and humans
shared hunting grounds
formation of a close relationship
between people and wolves led to dogs
because that's what dogs are they are an
emergent property of a very close
relationship between wolf populations
and human populations
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but how did it happen
how does a wild animal become a
domesticated pet
the answer may be found not with
lifeless bones but with the help of one
of the wolf's distant living relatives
the fox
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almost 2 000 miles east of Moscow lies
the location of a unique experiment in
domestication
on this isolated Farm Russian scientists
have been breeding foxes for more than
60 years
please
their aim has been to better understand
the effect of human contact on wild
animals
today the foxes are being inspected by
scientists Anastasia karmalova and Daria
shepaleva
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the experiment starts with a population
of Untamed silver foxes
each one is subjected to a simple test
of human toleration
to understand the reaction of animals
toward human we we need to open the door
and try to try to put our hand Inside
the Cage
they are testing the strength of each
Fox's adrenal fight-or-flight response
you're afraid but she demonstrates the
aggressive reaction
the level of reaction depends on the
size of the individual animal's adrenal
gland
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within a population there is always a
range of responses
of course
this focus is calm without any
aggressive sounds
I can touch it and it looks just invite
me
this one demonstrate more fear reaction
without aggressive food
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and moving towards me
how each Fox responds
determines its future
once a year the foxes are bred
around five to twenty percent of the
most extreme of both tolerant and
intolerant foxes are chosen to seed new
populations
after just 10 generations of this
selective breeding the results are
obvious and dramatic
this shed contains Fox's bread for
intolerance
all of them are
extremely aggressive
this one will try to bite me
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the experimenters have discovered that
they can create animals that are
dangerously anti-social
but they have also discovered that if
you breed foxes for tolerance
something quite remarkable happens
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there is population selected
and the result is the behavior looks
like dog
their adrenal reaction is markedly
subdued
they are now as relaxed in human company
as a household pet
all of them lost people love all people
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they even wag their tails
it's impossible not love them
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the experiment suggests that by
selecting for human Toleration in just a
few Generations a wild animal can be
made to behave just like a domestic
animal
thank you
but that's not all
we select our focuses only for Behavior
but it's interesting that after the
selection we have a lot of morphological
changes such as
for example a lot of white interfer
color
this fox has white nose
white Berry
white legs and white necks
some foxes even develop curly tails
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curly tails and white patches are both
often seen in other domesticated animals
what's great about that experiment is
that what it demonstrates is that by a
continued very strong selection for a
behavioral trait that you can then get
an increase in frequency of a wide range
of other traits that were not being
selected for at all
what that suggests is that there's a lot
of linkages between the overall shape
and size and way in which the animal is
put together from an anatomical
perspective and the way that it behaves
thank you some believe this combination
of Behavioral and physical changes is
part of a domestication syndrome
probably caused by a genetic mutation
that reduces the effect of special
neural crest cells
during development these multi-purpose
cells control the ultimate size of the
adrenal gland determining how friendly
the animal will tend to be
but the same cells also affect the size
of the face and legs rigidity of the
ears and tail and the extent of color in
the coat
select for friendliness
and every other quality can be affected
as well
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the experimental methodology has been
challenged recently but it's now widely
accepted that selection for behavior Can
rapidly domesticate a wild animal
but in the journey from Wolf to dog
who made that selection
most scientists now believe it was the
Wolves themselves
wolves are extraordinarily adaptable
different packs specialize in hunting
different types of prey
it's thought that when humans first
arrived some packs may have adopted a
novel survival strategy
it's not crazy to think that there may
have been a population of wolves that
found themselves attracted to people and
started following people in the same way
that other wolf populations have started
following caribou
rather than hunting these wolves would
Thrive by Scavenging close to Human
encampments
but only the boldest would hang around
for long
these adventurous wolves would breed and
over Generations evolve into an
increasingly human-tolerant subspecies
the domestic dog
survival of the fittest turned out to be
survival of the friendliest
over the last 15 000 years dogs have
taken on all shapes and sizes
at this show in North Carolina there are
dogs of every sort
wow
veterinarian Debbie Turner is fascinated
by this variety
look at that
that's the occupational hazard
domesticated dogs have been around for
thousands of years and they all come
from their wolf ancestor and when you
think about that that's just absolutely
incredible that a big old
um
Irish Wolfhound comes from the same
ancestor that a little tiny
Maltese comes from
so what did the first dog the ancestor
of all these animals look like
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to find out geneticists have been
decoding the dog family tree
their results show that some lineages
split away more than 5 000 years ago
creating descendants who today May
reflect the appearance of the original
dog
the Japanese Akita is one of these
ancient breeds thank you
these dogs separated from the genetic
line very early on they're called a
spitz type dog which means they retain
many of the characteristics the physical
characteristics of their wolf ancestors
so they have a wedge-shaped head they've
got these pointy prick ears
they have a double coat and the curl
tail over their backs
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sharing the same curly tail trait is the
venerable African Basenji
sinji is the Grandad of ancient dogs
however they're not that trainable they
will not do obedience tricks like other
breeds
back here and here's an example
[Laughter]
there is something else very wolf-like
about a Basenji
it's yodel
these breeds reveal much about how dogs
may have appeared and acted after they
first transitioned from pack Hunters to
scavengers
and provide clues as to why they may
have first appealed to humans
tricks
their closeness to their wolf ancestors
they um are considered very Adept
Hunters
as dogs were evolving from wolves into
truly domesticated dogs their traits
began to change
they were smaller their snout link
changed the strength of the muscles that
support the jaw change even the strength
and size of their teeth so they lost the
ability to take down big prey but they
didn't lose everything dogs are still
the standard barriers when it comes to
detecting things with their nose
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a dog's nose contains 50 times the
number of olfactory sensors as a human
nose giving them a sense of smell one
hundred thousand times more acute
combined with sharp sight and hearing
superb stamina and a docile temperament
for humans they were already built
hunting companion
the reason why the relationship between
dogs and humans in a hunting situation
is so perfect is because they complement
one another the dogs are the Chasers the
humans are the finishers
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15 000 years ago
first working Partnerships were formed
over the following Millennia humans
would breed dogs to take advantage of
their wolf-like abilities
but those selections cannot explain the
extreme variety of body shapes we see
today
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instead the genetic studies indicate
that a sudden explosion of diversity in
shape and size can be traced to a
breeding craze that began in Europe just
a few hundred years ago
the very first Kennel Club was
established in 1873 in England it is
from there that we get the vast majority
of the varieties and the breeds that we
see today
kennel clubs were breeding organizations
originally meant to preserve local dog
characteristics
but members began to select and share
dogs with extreme traits to an extent
never attempted before
geneticists have discovered that as a
result of this intensive breeding the
look of Western dogs has become
controlled by just a handful of
extremely potent genes
in a human over 100 genes will determine
a few inches difference in a person's
height
but in a dog just seven super selected
genes now control the size difference
between the smallest and the largest
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in nearly all breeds just one gene is
responsible for short legs
and mutations in just three genes
Express the majority of coat types from
smooth
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the long-haired
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to whatever this is
so most dogs today look the way they do
because of intensive human breeding for
novelty
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but people still value dogs not just
because of how they look but because of
what humans can do with them
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for thousands of years the dog's Natural
Instincts were exploited to help humans
hunt herd and protect
but in the last century their roles have
multiplied
amazing we
variety of
attack so from very simple ones that
amuse us
two very useful things
you're not going to have a cat at
airport sniffing out drugs or a horse
telling you that you're about to have a
seizure but dogs are able to do this in
a way that just vastly supersedes any
other animal and I think that's what
makes them special
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force of a dog's amazing ability to
learn
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foreign
animal behaviorist Clive win is obsessed
with understanding what's going on in a
dog's head most psychologists study the
minds of people I became fascinated in
the minds of everything except people
and so I became very interested with
dogs and very very quickly I became
totally totally grabbed by this amazing
animal
they're absolutely fascinating their
minds their intellects their cognition
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go
good girl for many years scientists have
believed that dogs are great Learners
because they possess an almost unique
intelligence one key proof was their
skill at the pointing test okay Zev
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most pet dogs most of the time will
follow a human point it seems quite
undramatic to us because we're used to
it but actually it turns out that not
very many animals will do this
okay you ready
even our closest primate cousin the
chimpanzee will struggle with this test
of intelligence
foreign
but are there exceptional smarts really
what makes dogs so special
maybe the answer lies in the minds of
their ancestors
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in the woods outside Vienna Austria
is taking her wolf for a walk
here at the wolf Science Center they're
carrying out Cutting Edge research on
Wolf cognition
you're ready to go
the center is 15 wolves have been
brought up by humans
I know Oregon 11 years and three months
so I hand raised him and his other
packmates
alongside its wolves the center raises a
group of dogs giving both sets of
animals an identical amount of human
contact
we bring up the Wolves and the ducks in
the same way so they have the same
experience and this is really crucial if
you want to compare them and compare
their behavioral cognition
friedricha's team conduct identical
intelligence tests on their dogs and
wolves you just get it there yeah now
it's working so what we are doing here
is testing corporate Cooperative
abilities in our dogs and wolves for
this we have this table
yeah
the food on the table can only be
reached if both ends of the Rope are
pulled at the same time
so the animal must understand that it
has to cooperate with a human partner
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this dog shows how it's done
waiting for the human he executes the
task to Perfection it was nice
okay
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but what about a wolf
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he's actually waiting
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perfect
for years it was thought wolves were
incapable of making the cognitive leap
necessary to work with humans
but these experiments are proving the
opposite
and this result is not unique the team's
work is showing wolves can be highly
intelligent in multiple ways
I don't think that the dog is smarter
than a wolf
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I think most of our studies show that
actually the wolves are much smarter
wolves have even been shown to match
dogs at the pointing test
so despite appearances hanging out with
humans did not improve the dog's raw
intelligence this ability is not
something that developed in dogs during
the process of domestication it was
already latent in the wolves from which
all of our dogs are descended
if dogs are no more intelligent than
wolves then why is a dog more trainable
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some think it may all be a matter of
attitude
for Clive the mindset of his pet dog
zephos holds a clue I could tell
straight away that zephos wasn't smart
she's not a super intelligent dog but
there was something remarkable about her
and that was
so obvious once I saw it this ability
this capacity this desire to form strong
emotional bonds that she's always trying
to make friends that she's extremely
loving
and um I began to wonder could this be
the Crux ability that has made dogs so
successful
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to demonstrate his theory Clive uses a
simple test
it's called the circle test it
quantifies how socially engaged an
animal is
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the animal is placed in a room with a
human for two minutes
an observer totals the amount of time
the animal spends inside the circle near
the person
paired with their owners dogs spend
upwards of sixty percent of their time
inside the circle
even with a stranger
Zappos stays close for over half the
time
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dogs just seem to like people
but wolves behave differently
this is not a lab environment but the
results from this circle test are still
clear
this young woman was involved in raising
this wolf they've known each other all
the wolf's life and uh nonetheless the
wolf doesn't spend so much time inside
this circle as a dog would do
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the wolf spends even less time with its
Handler than a dog would with a stranger
the fact that the wolf doesn't want to
spend as much time inside the circle
with the person shows us that the wolf
doesn't have that same intense level of
social connection with people as a dog
can have
to those who know wolves well this is no
surprise
a dog you can usually always get to do
what you want the Wolves could care less
they do it if they want to do it
and you can work very hard to convince
them and sometimes you're successful but
if they don't want to there's nothing
you can do
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dogs inherited their intelligence from
their wolf ancestors
but they've also evolved a strong desire
to bond with humans that makes them
uniquely trainable
yes good girl often in working dogs what
makes them good it's a partnership yeah
dead dog and that human that it cares
about
fear the unit the unit is the person and
the dog together
but the dog's desire to bond is not just
the key to incredible Feats of learning
this Bond also appears to be unusually
powerful
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so much so that here in California it's
being exploited to provide a novel
pathway for human rehabilitation
meet Max
he's part of a groundbreaking program
using dogs to transform the behavior of
individuals who are a danger to society
are you ready to go in Max will
ultimately be a service dog
but much of his training takes place
behind bars
at this prison facility in California
he will be in the care of long-term
inmates convicted of serious crimes from
armed robbery to murder
many are repeat offenders
some like Jerry Castillo arrived in
prison with deep-rooted psychological
struggles
Hi how are you good how are you good
I'll spend a lot of time by myself I had
a issues of
say a
low self-esteem you know a low
confidence
I was anti-social
the prison environment only seems to
make these problems worse
it's in a place where you don't have
feelings everything is shut off people
don't talk about emotions unless it's
anger
statistically over half of all prisoners
in the U.S will reoffend on release
some prisons seek ways to reverse that
trend
and in this facility that means dogs
One Wing has been transformed into a
virtual Kennel Club
the prisoners here are each responsible
for a dog
man and animal live together 24 7.
I gotta get up in the mornings and feed
them and train them and take them off
the potty and just care for him and the
whole day even if I'm having a bad day
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this is time inside will help transform
him into an elite service dog watch the
position just make keep going Circle but
it's the transformation in the inmates
that seasoned prison staff find most
remarkable
leave your dog on a Sit Stay it's
amazing
here it has changed so many of them
it's wonderful to see the caring
attitude that goes to it the gentleness
that's put forth through for the dogs
you wouldn't expect to see that on the
streets I see it here firsthand
he is my friend you know he makes my day
we bonded to he knows me better than me
now I want you guys to sit down first
and lure them over your legs
by uh getting a dog
it's like I'm back with it with a family
member
I can actually interact with somebody
and share my feelings with somebody
you could hug your dog Max has a lift in
my self-esteem gave me a purpose
to a
to do to do things
for someone else they should be nice and
calm
there is mounting evidence that even
with convicts the profound relationship
between dog and man can change their
whole outlook on life good since this
program has started I've had six inmates
who have left on parole and they have
not come back they have not hurt anybody
else they are still maintaining their
lives on the outside and let's do
another nice little jog this program
taught them that there's more to life
than just themselves
giving people who by some standards have
been written off as unlovable and to
have them have the opportunity to love
and be loved unconditionally by this
amazing creature that loves to be loved
that is loyal that wants to please you
I love the idea of these programs
a dog's uniquely strong desire to bond
may be particularly beneficial to humans
but dogs seem quite happy to spread the
love Beyond us
what makes dogs special is dogs can form
very strong loving connections to
members of any other species never mind
other members of their own species any
other species
dogs appear to be not just loving but
almost indiscriminately affectionate
new research suggests that this could be
partly because dogs get flooded with the
love hormone oxytocin
[Music]
and the reason for that
May lie partly with some very special
genes
[Music]
hey you ready to make some donuts let's
go
okay you got it girl
sixteen-year-old Callie trulove lives
with Williams syndrome a debilitating
genetic condition affecting one in ten
thousand people
two-thirds cups of water
this is gorgeous water we're going to
with scam whisk it's caused by
alterations in around 30 genes
generating multiple developmental
problems and learning challenges I'm
gonna put them in the oven all right
nothing like Southern style cooking
[Music]
but through it all Cali radiates an
incredible warmth towards the people
around her
she just loves people
from the time she was able to go to
somebody by herself she's always been
very friendly yes
they're so gorgeous and I love each and
every single human being on this whole
entire world zabaka just hug all of them
at once I would because I love them so
much here's what you're gonna do you're
gonna take a donut she absolutely does
love every single person that she meets
uh pastored a church for 20 years and
Cali has reached more people just with
her everyday life than I possibly could
in a lifetime
I think you should have this guy Cali's
hyper sociability is a side effect of
her condition tied to changes in three
genes one of which supercharges oxytocin
levels
we got a pet down here
surprisingly people with Williams
syndrome may not be the only ones
affected by these altered genes
[Music]
this is my service dog Doodle Dandy
[Music]
and here's my heartbeat he's my sunshine
and I can't imagine my life without him
good boy
she's helped me through a whole lot and
he's just the best dog in the whole wide
world
now I'm ashamed to say it
[Music]
new research suggests that Cali and
Doodle Dandy share more than just a
friendship
geneticists working with Clive have
recently discovered the same rare
mutations that cause Cali's
hypersociability are present in the dog
genome but they are not found in wolves
suggesting these rare mutations were
acquired by dogs during domestication
what causes dogs to be so much more
sociable so much more socially engaged
and Desiring loving relationships than
our wolves are due to three of the genes
that are involved in Williams syndrome
I feel that we've cracked the puzzle of
domestication we've identified in the
genetic material what it is that makes
dogs so unique makes them so special and
so successful
more research is still needed
but these rare mutations may prove to be
the secret source of the unshakable bond
between our two species
I think that's brilliant
brilliant when he was little he had
personality but I didn't know he shared
the same gene almost so that that is so
cool I promised I'm always going to be
here for you no matter what you're thick
and thin
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dogs and humans have been on quite a
journey
[Applause]
a natural instinct to exploit their new
human neighbors LED wolf Evolution from
vicious Predator to docile companion
humans have tinkered with them through
selective breeding perfecting useful
instinctual traits and playing with
their looks
[Music]
and it seems like somewhere along the
way we bred in an extreme motivation to
learn extraordinary skills because we
bred in the most important trait of all
you could hug your dog
the discovery that dogs experience love
that's why they're so perfect
that's the thing explains not only how
dogs became so domesticated but it
explains why they're man's best friend
and why we've been together for 15 000
years
who knows you better than your best
friend laughs
[Music]
thank you
[Music]
[Applause]
foreign
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