Kind: captions
Language: en
you will have a presentation about
45 or 50 minutes and then after that is
a
q a so i will i will uh if it is
ready or hospital probably the other
will
join uh in
it's a bit
okay i think that there's some feedback
okay
we may start uh i will introduce you
uh now i will in the
uh how to help this yes
is there any uh there is
no problem in me uh sorry the problem
maybe change the microphone
speaker or the speed yes right speaker
oh sorry sorry
sorry
okay okay
i think i have my problem with it
okay okay i will introduce you
through the i think i will share my
screen first
[Music]
okay uh
good morning uh everybody so uh today
uh our uh
our programs is the uh
webinar uh and uh today lecture
uh everybody
just
okay so should be
uh
or changing the speed uh changes besides
the
mute button there are the upward arrow
choose the speaker towards the headphone
or the microphone towards the
headset microphone yes
both of them already in headphone or
micro or headset
okay you can hear my my voice yes
clearly okay it's already clear right
okay sorry sorry for
for a very uh just i will i would like
uh to introduce uh uh
for today webinar so our program is
uh the big winner by dr honda sorry
okay so that uh dr honda is from the
karnataka uh university he is a lecturer
now
in the university is an associate
professor
and then he graduated from the
university of
uh tokyo so that our
program for today after the webinar
there will be a call for
for proposal for the kurita offices
grant but
let's restart uh with the webinar
given by the dr honda dr honda your time
use please
okay thank you very much for your kind
introduction
from the chandra so i rested my
lecture
can i see my slides
okay so thank you very much
uh for giving me this kind of good
opportunity
to talk about under microbial resistance
so i think you some of you may already
know about the antibiotic
resistance so
i want to talk about i have been the
down the field survey in japan also
some asian countries like thailand india
sri lanka uh about
the microbial resistance in water
environment in waste border
so i want to talk about
my experience and
including some literature review and i
want to give you some perspectives
so now copy 19 is the really good
big issue and in the world
but mr is also it's a long time
long term problems
in the future
so this is the very famous on your
reports
which which is says
that's the antimicro resistance
becoming will predict to become the
major uh cause of the
deaths
up to the 10 million cases
and it will be
more than the cancer in 2050
and this decimated deaths
an eerie estimated year annual death
due to anti-microbial resistance is
is less than 1 million in 2013
but they feel predicted reaching
10 million in 2050
and the report estimates
that the major
major impacted the area is
the africa and asian countries
so ngo predicted to have
almost 5 million tests because of the
antimicrobial resistance
so and one important
another important issue in mr is the mri
is
not a problem is the one countries but
also
the kind of world issues so this is a
case of the
one superbug called ndm1
which has the resistance to the most
beta-lactam
antibiotics and it was
this was found in swedish patients who
traveled
india and
but after a couple of years then this
nd1 was defined in the at every
continent
so yeah currently this uh
people doesn't
have the international trouble because
of coffee situation
but when we reopen the gates
for international trouble so amr
is spread all over the world
because of the people trouble and also
possibly by the food trade
so asia and africa are now concerned the
potential site
of new mr emergence so once
the new mri emergent emerged
then it spread to the whole of the
countries
probably in the two or three years
so concerning this situation the
whole unap and the
many written international organizations
the
proposes advocate to talk with them
or issue the words and
now now it is said
it is important that one health approach
for mr mitigation the one health
is the approach to of the probability
for the
multiple disciplines of environment
animal and human health
so because this is our health approach
is
not only for mr but every kind of
disease infectious diseases
as you know copenhagen is originated
from the
uh bat coronavirus or the pangolin
coronavirus and the
infected human and spread into
the human society and amr
is also spreads
among these disciplines domains
it spreads human to human but also
the animal to humor and humor
human discharge mr into the environment
and that's the environment destroying a
mr district environment
possibly transmitted to the animal
or the humans again so we need
the comprehensive approach yeah to
control mr
not only the human only in the animals
not in the environment
but to include all of them
and we are in bioengineers so uh
we can we now we work
for mr issues in water environment
and in water environment wastewater is a
major source
of ammo
when we have the drugs antibiotics
or the the animals the livestock animals
like cows pig also chickens
also heads fed with antibiotics
so then the bird resistant bacteria is
enriched
in our body or the this
livestock bodies and they are discharged
in human waste like feces
then as a wastewater and some may be
treated but
the wastewater treatment plant
doesn't have the reduction lamar but not
complete
reduction i would talk about this later
and someone there could be discharged in
a war environment
or in some area which doesn't have the
wastewater
treatment the wastewater containing
antibiotic resin bacteria is discharged
to a water environment directory
so then when the drinking water source
or the the water is used for bathing or
swimming
or fishing these antibiotics are
possibly
transmitted to humans or the animals
again
and possibly cause disease
so when you are infected the
antibiotic resistance infection
to this you
you cannot cure treated by the
antibiotic drugs
so you may suffer from the longer
uh duration of disease sickness
or maybe you will get more severe
sickness
so i want to talk about our experience
of the antibiotics bacteria asia water
environment so
it is already uh i think
almost 10 years ago maybe just six or
seven years ago
uh we did
river catchment-based catchment scale
field survey in thailand
about antibiotic bacteria in river water
so we target the chopper river and also
uh the four major tributaries ping
yum now one reverse
and we took the sample
maybe about 30 30 or 40
sites and we isolated the e coli from
the river water
and we tested the resistance
to the six antibiotics
[Music]
of each e coli isolates
from the river and what we
found is the
resistance bacteria is present not only
the urban area but also rural area
but near the urban area like in chiang
mai
or here's a bangkok this is japan river
so there are high abundance of multiple
resistance
which includes the clinically important
antibiotics
like quinolones
so mainly chopper river
basin so urban drainage is
its impact to increase
the mr to the clinically important
antibiotics
but also in the rural areas the classic
antibiotics
like tetracycline or suffer drug is also
abundant
so already number is spreads all over
the basin
and the higher abundance
near the urban area
[Music]
and this is a case in the sri lanka we
did in the maybe two or three years ago
and we took the sample from the
kalani river which is the river flowing
from the center of the uh
ceiling island to the capital of sri
lanka colombo city
and this river is used for drinking
water source of
colombo city
and we took the sample from the four
sides named k1 to k4
and isolate the e cli
and abundance
of five antibiotics
was analyzed by this diffusion methods
so from k1 to k4
it's k1 the upmost upstream
so for levels versions the ciprofloxacin
they are
they are quinolons which is clinically
important antibiotics
and they have have the high abundance
they should have on since the upstream
area
because optionally i also have the the
populated area uh the
the along the calibre there's there are
uh operator area so probably the in the
upstream is
too much affected
by the upstream water optimal drainage
and classic antibiotics it is really
highly abundant in any place in the
river
so these reasons these drugs canamycin
tetracyclines
suffer drug they are already abundant
is all over the river
and this is the case in the india
in the guwahati in the assam area it's
north east of india and we took the
samples from the the gandhinagar river
this is a really big river
b1 to b4 and also the
urban drainage in guwahati gohari city
doesn't have the wastewater treatment
plants so wastewater is is
discharged into the urban channels
and we analyze the antivirus genes from
these
samples so
b1 b2 is the upstream of the guaca city
and the b3 b4 is the downstream of the
quahazi city so
in the downstream of the quahog city
we found that asc this is the
aminoglycoside
uh research family glucoside
and also the
uh blood theme this is beta lactam and
i'm sitting resistance genes
and these are also found in the urban
drainage
so for these controversial genes
the urban drainage from the guatemala
city
is probably the source of the
sauce in the downstream river sites
so antibiotics against queen confirmed
drugs will often get in the urban
drainage
in guahana city
so so there's
one important questions when we
study about uh antibiotic bacteria in
wastewater treatment plant the
wastewater plants
redu treat the wastewater but also the
plant
keeps the sludge in the sludges the
the complex uh matrix of the
the microorganisms so
the more question is does the wastewater
in the plant works as a reservoir or
barrier of
arv so it is known that strategy also
contains some antibiotic resistant
bacteria
so my question is both which works when
it works is both reservoir
and barrier
and i want to introduce the fate of
antibiotics and bacteria in wastewater
treatment
so let's think about the fate behavior
of the resistance bacteria in the worst
world treating plants
but this is this is
this is not about the antibiotics and
bacteria but
about the total bacteria population in
wastewater treatment plant
wastewater treatment process
in nature
have can reduce the population bacteria
so this is data is taken from the
literatures
and this is the logarithmic value of the
total heterotrophs and total coliform
and e coli
so it depends height it depends on the
wastewater plant but
as
as average total heterotrophs is to
reduce
like about 1.5 log and so the conform is
though about 2 lakh and the equalize is
2.203 logs
so why plant can reduce the
total bacteria population and in case of
e coli
and this is fecal indicator bacteria it
reduces two log
that means the equal population become
one percent
in the treated effluent than
will influence wastewater so
when we discuss about the
removal performance reduction
performance of arb
it's the poor question
is the are the air be reduced more than
the total bacteria
or the lesser total bacteria
and the conclusion is the reduction of
the antibiotic bacteria is
almost equal to the total bacteria
reduction so that means there's no
specifically larger or smaller
removal of arb compared to the
other bacteria non-resistant bacteria
so this this chart is created from the
uh study of the novel manager
and this x-axis is the
population of the bacteria in the fluent
and y-axis the population in the
effluent
and i put that so this black one is the
total bacteria preparation
it includes resistant bacteria and also
non-resistant bacteria
so this black one so if we put the block
once
for example in one data the influence is
about six lock and this length is like
about five block
so when we draw the line
we this the dotted line it shows the
logarithmic value at
one point three so
total bacteria is you know the work is
about
1.3 and this collat
plot is the resistant bacteria blue is
oxycetine reds and bacteria and
orange wine the tetracycline the red one
is ciprofloxacin
one of the quinolones resistance
bacteria so of course this
the population is less than the total
bacteria in most cases
and they have
of the fluctuated population in the
fluent but reduction is almost
on the same line showing there will be
1.3
so that means the total bacteria
and the resin bacterias have the similar
removal value
so logan valve arb is equal to every
total market
so there's no specific
removal of arb in the wastewater
treatment plant
and this is this is
the change of abundance of
resistance e coli from effluent to
influential effluent at each step of the
wastewater training process
so this is the population of the e coli
so
vibration equalize uh
it's about the about the five block
and it doesn't change much until the
aeration
tank but the reduced after the secondary
treatment
because it's second treatment they
remove the bacteria by sedimentation
so you can reduce it like
maybe two points five long
and abundance of resistance e coli
is the influence is about forty percent
and if lentils are 40 percent so it was
similar
so this is supports the previous results
the removal of the arb is
doesn't change
it's not different from therapy of total
bacteria so that means the ratio
ratio of proportion of the mr in the
bacteria is
is same
so and but in this slash
it slightly increases so something
happens
in the in the slides
but this is the
this is taken in japan based on this
diffusion methods
we take the sample and
cultivate the e coli and isolate the e
coli
and put the antibiotic drug
tablet on the media and
[Music]
check the resistance to each antibiotics
but when we did it in the
meta genomic survey
will be quite different it should quite
different
results so this is the abundance of
total or
resistance genes is for 16s
based population so this data
takes but we took the samples and
we exact dna and the the
metagenomic sequence read the sequence
of the
dna and
to get the number of reasonable
resistance genes
and we also get the uh
bacteria preparation as the
number of reusable 16s ribosomal
energy so it's kind of
the abundance gene-based
abundance of antibiotic resistance
so we did this survey at the five plants
we took three times in summer three
times in winter
and we made a composite sound force
then we found the interesting results
and this is influence
slash and the treated effluent
so in influence it's total arg per
16s your population is about
or 40 percent but it decreased
at the slash tank and this setting is
almost same
so now your one plant
every plant has the influence wastewater
has the highest
the gene-based abundance of resistance
and it decreased a lot in the sauce tank
and
in the fluent it's a slightly increase
almost
same so abundance about the resource
genes
decreased in sludge so it's really
inconsistent with the results where we
got from the
culture-based abundance
of antibiotic resistance
and so i suspect it whether it is
will be true or not so but
in there we we surveyed the other
rituals
but there it is also reported the
similar results
this is the metagemic
and gene based abundance over adding
antibiotic
resistance the influence is the highest
and slowest influence it has a lower
abundance
and this is the reactant pcl based
study of the target adverse
genes to the sixth senior revolutionary
gene copies
so influence
this is a slash this is effluent
but this plant has this similar order
will increase
but this and this plants the influent is
the highest
region based abundance and the
decrease in sludge and the fluent this
plant also
so but it is likely true in the many
plants that the gene based abundance
about the resistance is highest in
influence
and decrease the sludge influence
sorry so
if we cultivate the
e coli or the coliform and
the studied abundance mr and the culture
based
then influence
and the fluent have similar abundance
but if we study the gene-based abundance
email
using the methodology analysis or the
qpcr of the target energies
this is decrease in this after slash
aeration tank
and the affluent so this looks really
inconsistent
but i think the key is the
culture-based analysis
target the fecal bacteria like e coli or
coliform
or enterococcus enterobacter but
gene-based abundance target the whole
bacteria committee not only the euclid
not on the fecal bacteria but
also the every bacteria which presents
in this sludge
so my hypothesis
and to explain this phenomenon these
results is
the
difference in the fecal bacterial and
non-fecal bacteria
in the wastewater is mostly
consists of fecal bacteria and
resistance maybe about 40 percent of one
divergence bacteria
but in slash you get this
free abundance of antibiotic resistance
if you can
possibly increase by horizontal gene
transfer
or the resistance induction by the
stresses like oxidative storage
or whatever in the slash
but let's contest a lot of non-fecal
bacteria
because it's arabic conditions
temperatures like like 20 15 to
30 degrees celsius thicker butter grow
well in the anaerobic conditions
and temperature at like 35 to 40 degrees
celsius
so slash bacteria communities is quite
different from the wastewater community
so it contains many unknown fecal
bacteria and
my speculation is probably the norfolk
but there's a
small abundance resistance so
when we see the total abundance
resistance it looks decrease
and the affluence well maybe it's
speculated to have this similar ratio
of the vectors discharged
so they have this also has a smaller
abundance of resistance
and but this is uh
so this is supporting data and also we
have
some difference from the hypothesis
so this we took the five plants we
compared
the antibiotic gene profile of each
samples and compare with the principal
component analysis
and this blue plot is the wastewaters of
the fire plants
and the orange prod is a sludge
samples so wastewater sludge has a
really different
uh antibody resistant gene profile
so this supports the the high places
that's because of different micro
community or different theory
profile it's quite different
but what is interesting is that this is
effluent
so wasteful
in the aeration tank the slush constant
lacing
amongst ss is about typical
ms concentrates 1500 to 2000
and the ss consensus in the
wastewater after primary sedimentation
it's it's about like 100 or or
sometimes less
so that means the slush bacteria
and only one per only less than 10
percent of
wastewater bacteria is flows into such
bacteria
so if this large bacteria is
equally i mean slush bacteria and the
fecal bacteria wastewater equally
discharged after primary ceremonial tank
maybe effluent microbial committing
effluent
erg profile different is quite similar
with the sludge
because in the sludge most of them is
is not the fico bacteria but
interestingly the effect
has the profile like
between the wastewater sludge so
it's not it's not like sludge it's not a
wastewater
just look between them so
that is another the weird
and the interesting point so
in the final sedimentation process
this means finite function process the
wastewater bacteria
is has maybe
remove the less than the sludge bacteria
such bacteria
is the it's kind of enriched bacteria
community
which can settle well
but wastewater bacteria does not
does not enriched just due to digestion
from our feces
so maybe some of them is is
out here on the slash particle and the
settle but some of them
does not the merge with the sludge
the flux or such bacteria community but
just
a float swim in the liquid phase and
maybe this bucket cannot be reduced
by the sediment the final ceremony so
probably my hypothesis is that some of
the irb in the wastewater
bypass the wastewater treatments and
carried over to equivalent
so yeah we are trying to study about
this but anyhow so this is
current hypothesis so
so what total total
reduction of wastewater treatment has
this
the reduction of the bucket operation
and there will be
also at the erb but the sum of the rb
cannot be reduced in bypass effluent so
that will affect the
output resistance profile in the
affluent
uh which is different from the
wastewater difference
and another important source is not the
fluent but
untreated wastewater especially
discharged from the storm water
so yeah this is the photograph of the
the big flood in thailand or in
2000 or 16 sorry
yeah so as you marry though
the waste water is is sometimes stumped
without treatment because of
sugar overflow a combined shoe overflow
so even when you have the waste for
treating plants
so in dry weather all the wastewater
collecting the same to the wastewater
plant
but it when you have the heavy rains
the in the combined shower which
collects the rainwater wastewater in one
pipeline
the wastewater is diluted with a storm
water
the rainwater and
if rain is really heavy so
we cannot treat all of the quantity in
the wastewater in the plants
so when the quantity exceed the capacity
of treating plants
we discharged into the river water or
surface water directory
without treatment and
in the united states it started with
stole data
but in 2004 the u.s ep reports that
20 percent of our near discharge of
combustion this is untreated
cso so
in the asian context asia has a monsoon
weather so in the the rainy seasons
you have a lot of heavy rain so
this the csa happens uh
i think more frequently than then
temperate
with the conditions and but
so what motivated this fact
i invest i try to quantify the
discharge of antibiotics and bacteria
from combined shiva overflow
in japan and in this plants
all the combined shiver is
go to the pumping station and pumping
stations
they usually pump the all the waste
water
to the the waste treated plants but
if the shoe waste quantity exceeds the
front capacity they pump up to the sum
of them
into the river and
but this bar chart shows the amount of
uh
sorry it's 45 minutes i rushed to finish
it
so what
this is data in canada canada i have the
heavy snow in this winter
so we have a lot of cs in the winter
and mine in this plant 23 percent
combined shoe which put these charges on
traditionally as well
and we calculate the arb
discharge into the river from the 3d
defluent
and also under the cs4
so this plant covered publisher 30
thousands
and annually it risks plant receives
i'm sorry the sure combined sugar
received about 18 log of the
log cfu of e coli per year
and
really a lot of equalized discharge onto
the cso
so as amount of waste water is about 27
000 sorry sorry 27 million cubic meter
per year
and
about 75 percent this is treated
affluent but total amount of equalize
much less but in andrea cs world
distress only do one force of the annual
combined sure to which but
it has really a lot of equal eye
continuation
so amr in this review is mainly
discharged from not from 3df and
but also from the untreated cs4
and i want to introduce some data about
the rainy season
in the asian countries so
this is data in the sri lanka i showed
in the in the beginning of this
this talk and this is the rainy season
and d means a dry season so rainy season
helps the higher
abundance of adverse bacteria
in the upstream so that means there are
in the
this upstream area the in rainy season
is this quantity of urban drainage
increased
i mean it's rainwater flushes
the wastewater urban drainage and
pollute the water with antibiotics and
bacteria
and this is in case of
uh and rg re
detection so
in the anterior resistance genes basis
so
as i see the e coli abundance and mr in
e coli is increasing
in the rainy season but the
concentration of
alg is decreasing radiuses
so but this is because the when the
rainy season
is the energy is diluted
so concentration becomes less
but the proportion resistance has become
high so that means the
loading i mean the total quantity of mr
discharge is increased but as as we see
as a concentration decrease
because of dilution by rainwater
so sorry i have so now i'm
doing the uh com comparing the
android zone among the countries so
japan now i finished the comparing japan
usa
and china so different country has a
different
era profile and
but actually the this data of tropical
asian country is missing
so i'm gonna try to study
but i think young researchers
also study about the ergonomic in the
tropical ageing countries
to cover these facts okay
so it's already times uh this is a take
out home message i always support the
major social model
and uh stonewall has much more therapy
roles
and in the concepts a context of the
asian countries
so mr and the water made much effective
monsoon
it's the rain rain uh season rainy
season
and there are many water diluting the
rainy season but they were loading
from wastewater probably higher in the
rainy season
and the ml profile in the wastewater
divide some countries
they're more soviets and tropicalizing
countries and necessary
yeah acknowledgements thank you very
much
so i quickly rush i want to have
questions if
it's not clear for you thank you
okay uh thank you honda
thank you so that uh we come up with the
uh q a question uh
session if you have a
question you may open if you are in the
zoom link
so you may open your mic you may
directly ask the question to dr honda
or if there is in the chat box it may be
going to
may help us that uh
what will be the the question in the
chat more
so that's uh things up
probably uh uh you are in the
in the in the zoom could if you have any
question you may
raise your question please uh i think
there are already
question questions from the chat okay
okay i think so in the chat box but
probably uh
uh dr honda you may
uh turn off your share please probably
uh
uh we will share the questions
i think so okay
okay so now i see the question yeah i
think so
google will help right so probably you
can
uh you have to turn off the
share first and then uh
for i think it might be uh okay
i'm sorry okay okay
so that is for from me so that this is a
or you have already mentioned
about the they are represented
especially in the different countries
you know that
most of the foreign countries they don't
have the uh
facilities so how serious
uh from your opinion uh okay thank you
very much sandra says
so i think it could be i think more
serious in
some countries uh in the level of
country also
so because i think upstream
as as i show in the sri lanka case
sometimes upstream
urban drainage distribution river water
and
in somewhere in the in the developed
countries the rival order
is you used without treatments yeah some
may bathing directly in the river water
or the maybe some of you
may catch the fish in the river so
the i think in such countries this the
higher risk
than the the we use the river ward
after treatment in the top order so
that that is really i think the exactly
the one health
issues because the mr in the environment
directory cost suppose the risk
of the humans and also when you use the
feeder
vivo water to the animals maybe animals
can also
possibly get more
so that is i think really important
issue in the
top collision countries uh i think
so that's uh is there any it might be
this uh because you you also
uh studying about the shark of two virus
is this any relationship or what we have
been
working on with the shark of two viruses
presence in the water environment yeah
thank you very much yeah
the first chandra since they just
suggested me to talk about the
south country in west water but uh
yeah i already talked about this i
choose a different topic
anyhow well i think
the suspect when south coast is
is contained in wastewater it could be
also discharged in the
river water water environment so
what we know is that probably probably
the subscriber is
not very persistent in the wastewater
drone it's
i think it's vulnerable than the
norovirus adenovirus
which is classically studied viruses but
so in the treated affluent probably the
susceptibility
is not become the big problem mostly are
reduced
or the rules the infectivity but
the untreated wastewater we don't know
probably it's the risk
is much lower than the norovirus and
other viruses
but it depends on the situation i think
it's there are many many patients in the
in the in the area and it's and then
possibly has
this some amount of infectious
subscribe too so
yeah but i guess it's it's the risk is
smaller than the other
pathogens wastewater content is not only
the subscription but the other many
viruses
other pathogens so
my my speculation is maybe the risk is
is higher in the other
viruses of pathogens in west water
okay thank you i think the uh
the second one this one is from tuan uh
so that
is about the method each straight line
do you follow when you carry out
this diffusion
we follow the clsi methodology
yeah of course css also does something
revised the
criteria so it's i use the most updated
one at the timing of the
analysis yeah
okay from return is from intern
so that one is the third one they also
observe or is there any evidence
of gene transfer or antibiotic gene
uptake
in turin or in the racial retreatment
plan
yeah this is this is a yeah it's really
important
questions and i do not
study about that but i know some papers
about the possibility probability of
gene transfer
in the sludge so it happens
actually it happens but
not very high probability but it happens
when we consider about the amount of
sorry i don't remember the the exact
value but it happens
in the sum probability so and
when we consider the concentration
bacteria in the sludge
it must slightly increase the
possibility try to increase the
population of antibiotics and bacteria
yes okay thank you so uh
so that one is probably
kundalini is another question i think
probably you can have to show it yes
just just come in okay
okay for me to make uh
everybody can uh see the creation
probably guinta will help us to add the
additional but uh if anybody from
in the in the in the room may i would
like to ask the question directly to dr
honda please you open your mic
yeah dr honda okay okay please
yeah i thank you uh i i'm not
uh microbiologist something like that
but i'm uh really interested
with your statement or a hypothetical
statement uh that in the
uh there's no not much difference
between the the inlet and not light
isn't it so something like that
so what do you think in the uh
uh the fate of that uh
anti uh uh out of the
the resistance micro uh microbes
what is the fate of uh that kind of
microbes
in the anaerobic situation
because i i'm not more interested in
anaerobic system
thank you thank you very much so
uh yeah there are some studies
uh about dharmic digestion it's
effective
in the microbiologist so basically in
the
anaerobic digestion it's a little bit
heated
so it's reduces anymore
i don't know which level but they can
reduce some
but not for the complete removal
so it possibly remains some um
heating uh system when there is uh
normal just normal no heating
uh treatment and so on it says the
anaerobic situation
uh has impacted
or no no effect at all to the
that kind of bacteria well
minor exactly temperature effects now
so i think they are studying the
mesophilic mesophage condition is like
or so maybe you don't need a heating in
the
tropical weather condition
and so um
so if antibiotics come from the fecal
bacteria they
probably grow well in the anaerobic and
mesophyll conditions
but i didn't i didn't see the paper like
that
probably it's it's it's rather reduced
in dynamic digestion process
okay but i i don't i don't see the many
papers on that
maybe it's the point that we need more
studies uh
yeah it's a good point thank you
okay still
vietnam so hospital resources might
contain more
rp than common one common uh municipal
wastewater
uh okay when monitor which is not fully
treated
so especially in the asian countries uh
did you think the street control of
hospital
uh by onsite racial treatment plan
it's one of the make sense to control
the irv
yeah i think sorry yeah this is very
important point
so there are several points of
discussion
the professor vietnam's questions
one is this about the
kind of onsite treatment possibility
treatment
and that is my
probably the situation is different
among the countries among cities
but the situation i know in bangkok
is the there's a the canal network is
and
canal is works kind of the
the open sewage channel especially when
it
rained so in the way it rains many entry
to wastewater is just in the canal
so this is probably in the in the
pipelines
there's many of the pollutants is
it stay as a sediment when it dries and
when it rains
it flushes the sediments
and to the canal so in that sense
so it is in
in monsoon area it's the rainy season
it's really heavy lane
[Music]
flashes still the pollutants in the
pipeline so
to prevent that is important to have the
on-site treatment good on-site
treatments
so yeah hospital was water could be the
important source of arb so the onside
treatment of hospital wastewater could
be i think
important uh to reduce discharge from
the source
and another point is that what is a good
treatment
technology so actually i showed
the difference the biology profile of
the slash
affluent wastewater and we took
there most of them are from the
conventional active slash process
but we also took the data from the
membrane block process
and in the membrane bug process
it the its area profile is more closer
to the sludge
i mean the it contains the less
wastewater sludge
with less wastewater bacteria community
so
and so the memory background could be
reduced
more i think more reliable reduction of
the
the amr because waste water bacteria
is somewhere that does not merge with
the slush
and they just float on the liquid phase
and the sediment attack just go out
or through the same tank and go go out
in the
fluent but if membrane bioreactant like
every
all the water should pass the membrane
so
that that kind of the floating bypass of
the
bacteria will not happen so probably it
will have the better reduction of the mr
okay uh things up
that's one of this uh oh okay i think
some
gunpowder will show some more questions
yeah from the parent song yeah yeah
it's very technical one for me
yeah this is this is important a
difficult question actually
yeah so it is
currently is hard to uh estimate the
risk i mean the quantitative estimation
the risk
of mr uh so
it is hard to decide the risky
or dangerous level so actually the
its mr is the existing the natural
water in the world i mean the wild
animal
also have the antibodies and bacteria
it's natural sources
so i think what we have to consider is
that there are many kind of antibiotics
and what and about
we i think what impact most is the
resistance the clinically important
drugs
whether important drugs is the
the drugs which is used when when
patients are really in a critical
conditions and
when we don't have the other drug
options
so this is definitely
recent clinically important drugs should
be
reduced differently as much as possible
or to prevent the spread uh and
and to make the lifetime of the
the drug uh as long as possible
and actually i also tried the risk
assessment
anymore but it's not easy actually so
when we think about the risk of the mr
it's not the risk of
probability of infection i mean the
probability is the same
but the effective mirror is though we
it is harder to treat that
so so probably it is better to
assess the risk with using a dolly not
with the chance of infection
so delhi can consider the duration of
the sickness
so if we infected the disease with the
resistance
maybe we have we need a longer duration
for treatment so that may be considered
by risks but
so could be so when we have the
when we decided dangerous level we used
the
kind of acceptable risk risk level
so we when we
access the risk with delhi and when we
have the access
acceptable risk level as delhi
before we can we can decide the sort of
the
standards of
to reduce the amount
okay i think some the next question from
uh petrocity so what is the effect of
the
psychochemical and mineralogical
characters of the disorder
on the diversity of the art irb
so that is a is there any effect of the
psycho chemical and mineralogical
characteristics
yeah this is i think uh
yes
antibiotic resistance is sometimes
related to the
heavy metal resistance because it's
kind of defensive mechanisms of bacteria
so
there's several defensive mechanisms one
of them is a flux pump
that is the when the garden because they
pump up the bodies
outside of the cell and
that is sometimes common with the heavy
metal resistance mechanisms
so
i i don't know i don't know the
the specific papers on that but probably
the heavy metal
high heavy metal or high metal or stress
in the
wastewater treatment possibly enhanced
the anti-resistance actuator in the
sludge
slash bacteria in the anterior
resistance genes
causing a flux pump is really abundant
so could be possible and what is the
best technical major bacteria it is
there's no kind of best techniques i
think this
depends on the purposes culture depend
techniques
is good to know the
you know the the fecal bacteria of
ecobook is often
often relates to the pathogens human
pathogens
and genomic gene based
techniques can cover the old bacteria
but it's hard to link the resistance
to the species because when we break the
cell to extra dna
we lost the information link of species
information and
resistance information so
i think it depends on the purpose
so uh the last question about the
your the uh that one is i think
the last question have you been
addressed yeah
uh yeah i think so okay so that
uh things are all is from the
sun
yeah this is i think yeah similar to the
previously
uh questions yeah so there are
in the drinking water i think the you
i know maybe doubleh or guideline
has the uh proposed
suggests the acceptable level of delhi
so maybe it could be the one of the
stun i mean the criteria
we we can use but what we don't know is
the how much
of the horizontal transfer happens
in our guts so when we intake the
drinking water has the resin bacteria
which is not pathogens but in our body
maybe it's the
resistance genes transfer to
non-partisan pathogens
which may pose the risk we don't know
that so
it's not easy yet i guess it is not we
need
we need a research or we need more
discussion about
how to assess the risk of a mr
community or in other others like for
the
fungal or might be resistant to the
antibiotic as well
okay so in the culture basis that we
study the
main eco yeah so it's bacteria
and the metagemic studied we we don't
we don't separate it we just take
through dna and they
read all sequential genes so it
includes all of them but probably most
of them from
originated from the bacteria fungal
possibly have resistance
but for its the mechanism
could be different
yeah so i mean that we we read a
sequence
of the in the wastewater and we compare
it with the database
research and the way the database
includes many kinds of resource genes
knowing the bacteria
but the energy we found
is probably most for the bacteria
uh origin allergies
okay thank you so uh
thanks winter still have one more
question before we are closing
because there's still one okay
i think there is no
one more i think so one more question i
think okay okay
okay
yes
you have something for a question
so this is a really important study
so it is known that amr has the low
quality so different cities
different countries different catchment
has a different
erg profiles probably
there's several possible
the reasons of actors i guess the one is
the most important is the history of
antibiotic use in that
area in the catchments that affect much
and also i think that
what i think about fact is a
transportation between the different
cities of countries
so as i talk in the
the talk my talk that's the
trouble people's trouble or may carry
the mr in the different
countries and also food trade the
livestock
also the career of the mr
so when we import exports like
the meat or shrimp for alcohol culture
or the livestock products
that may cause the transformation
and another thing is it's like a ship
ship means uh means that like
like a car big ship it's
it's carried a water sea water
uh when when unload the payloads
they will load the ballast water
to balance the ship so blast water is
carried
to the country's countries and
discharged in the
basketball district in the destination
so basswood is possibly the carrier
of the mr and uh especially in the ocean
and yeah of course the airplane also in
the long flight plane has
yeah we eat a lot of foods they served a
lot of fruits
and ice creams uh we got the toilets uh
that carries them are
so yeah i think it is very important
so it may be not in international travel
but
but inside the countries there is the
import export of food race
some area is very produced a lot of
livestock farming
and it's sold into the every places
many places in the country so that may
transfer the rb
in the whole country so that is the
important factors
okay okay thank you
thank you uh probably that one is the
the last question but
before closing will be you have you have
you have mentioned about the technical
mission but it might be
you have something to say in a few words
to the the audience for the cruising
doctor honda
please see if you have yeah okay so i
think
yeah i think that there are many
questions so i think i don't have much
to add about that but this is the
this is a seminar without krita overseas
research grant right so
i think mr is the really important
issue in the in the indian countries
so yeah it's not in the wastewater
issues but also drinking water issues
and also the kind of social is
like like i looks under questioned me
like that the trouble and transportation
warriors
yeah i think yeah yeah many of
many of the applicants propose about
that topic
to the cork yeah okay thank you
so i think so uh because uh this session
will be
is already finished so that uh
we will take the photo station first
maybe
you may have before okay before before
after after this session we will have
a short session on the uh call for
professor for the young
uh researcher on the water environment
so that one is uh i will talk in bahasa
latin
will be a breakout room
so that