Kind: captions
Language: en
uh good evening raj and good morning uh
student and also there's a
colleges and friends uh
from uh itv or also from outside
itv i'd like uh to welcome
uh professor ramrat so for the
uh today uh topic so i think so i will i
will
i will
give you a brief introduction again of
yours
right okay you just saw that the
third time yeah yeah more time
so uh marathi is from the nicole state
universities so he is also now is a
visiting professor
at the faculty of industrial technology
as you know that
today is is the last lecture
of raj
the today topic is the solution ethanol
and microbial
lipid as biofuel so that one is a
now is the last lecture for this
semester
will be um uh for the next
for the coming semester for me i will
ask you again to
have another classes okay
all right uh that's i think
this time is huge okay
um thanks chandra good morning everyone
i'm happy to be back again so as chandra
said this is my last
guest lecture for the semester uh
today's topic is
going to be on um
cellulosic ethanol and microbial lipids
as biofuels can everybody see my slice
okay
yes yes all right all right
so um so i'm going to talk about uh
overview of what is biofuels
why we need biofuels even though oil
price has kind of
been cheap for a while so why we need to
go in this route
also i'm going to give you like
socioeconomic factor
involving biofuels how it will
improve um rural economy
and then i'm going to you know close up
with some research
data from my lab okay all right if you
look at some of the energy
around the world in in india for example
they use in rural area dry cow manure
as a as a fuel source to for heating and
cooking
and in africa you know you have this um
you know woods um
mainly for cooking and
in in the temperate country uh wood was
a traditional biofuels
was used for a lot of purposes and
including um you know for mules hearts
and laborers would fuel the farming for
a long time in temperate region
um then we you know moved to
non-renewable
energy source um we found coal natural
gas
petroleum nuclear power this is what
we've been using now
coal has been going down for a while now
in the u.s at least
cold use and oil
is uh what is dominating
20th century and oxygen even now we
depend on oil
as an oil economy everywhere um so
just to show how oil is a natural
product
one time these were all living organisms
and you know when they
were dying and decomposing and at the
high
um temperature pressure it it become
organic rich sediments and which which
which become
oil so this is what we've been
extracting for the last um
almost 80 90 years this is what uh
running the
world and we depend on mainly as
transportation
fuel okay um oil has some
um you know bad um environmental issue
because it can you know release co2 and
has greenhouse gas effect and global
warming
so we not only use oil for
transportation we use for electricity
and
and also heat and turbine
propeller and also for many industrial
use so it's been
running the world for a long time
so the foundation of modern society we
call that lifeblood of modern
civilization is
you know right now is because of the oil
20th century we call the oil century
and it's a non-renewable resource and
it took millions of years to farm and it
is
we have the way we are using the oil is
unsustainable
not only it's polluting but it is
unsustainable because it's only
a finite resource available at some
point we're going to run out of oil
so we need to find alternate fuel source
to
keep our lifestyle otherwise it's gonna
you know go down we depend on some other
energy source
not only oil we need to find something
you know for the future
so that's why we use this green
technology we um
we mainly the alternate fuel source
coming from renewable sources
um not only wind solar but
for mainly for transportation sector we
still depend on liquid fuel so we
we use this uh biofuel
mainly ethanol and biodiesel so it's
sustainable because we can produce crop
we can
get this every year it's renewable
we can reduce pollution and the
technologies innovation and create jobs
and it is viable uh technology even
though
it's still a little expensive but
it is still viable we can do this as a
alternate energy source so let's look at
the energy demand
energy demand if you look at us
and china china is number one
for you know demand for energy in the
u.s and you can see europe and
and um asian countries so these are the
major
uh part of the world that consuming a
lot of energy
and the energy as i said has been mostly
dominated by petroleum natural gas coal
and in the in the future we are hoping
this petroleum is going to go down
and we're going to increase the biomass
and the
renewable source of energy in by the
year 2040 so
so that's that's what we are hoping for
um
so we can reduce the greenhouse gas and
benefit
the environment as well so the
imbalance of energy is is
basically a supply and demand and the
you know the demand for fuel is
increasing because of urbanization
people are moving to city migration
and so if you look at uh hearts and
buggy stage to
modern life and living more people live
in the cities nowadays
and so there is more demand for energy
use
worldwide so the solution
is to to this energy crisis is biofuels
as i said for various um reasons it's
sustainable and also technology is
almost there to commercialize this
so what are the various biofuels we can
make
we can have liquid biofuel gases
biofuels
some of the liquid ones are bioethanol
biobutanol biodiesel
um gaseous one are methane hydrogen
synthase and we call
hyphen which is hydrogen and methane
together
so not only there's a demand for
energy uh worldwide other motivation
is as i said is to prevent pollution or
reduce pollution
um so we can have three birds with one
stone so we're gonna
take care of the excess crop residue
uh reduce pollution and we can
produce energy so that those are the
motivation for
producing biofuels so we can
take care of the environment by reducing
the greenhouse gas effect
so this is some other example to show
you the fogs in india and china
and this is what it used to be in u.s
and europe in the
60s and 70s when these economy were
going through rapid
development now this is what we are
seeing in winter months in
india and the smog because of air
pollution
due to um burning your fuels
so when you put ethanol as uh
your fuel source uh at least partially
like um so ethanol contains 35
oxygen so it is uh oxygenated fuel
so it can burn better so you can reduce
emissions when you put um ethanol in
your gasoline so
in the u.s our 100 of um gas we buy has
ethanol blend um for this reason because
it's called oxygenated fuel so it burns
better and reduce emission at the
tailpipe
so what is ethanol so ethanol is this
molecule of c2h5oh
and this is how the structure of ethanol
looked like
and it has oxygen so it burns better
so it has less um you know
pollution so you can make ethanol
you need sugar for it and the organism
that
does that more most commercially is
yeast
yeast can ferment glucose and make
ethanol and co2
from one molecule of glucose yeast can
produce
two molecules of um ethanol and two
molecules of co2 so this is what it is
structurally given yes your glucose is
your raw material for this
and yeast is your bio catalyst and you
produce pyruvate and then you make
ethanol okay
so a little more detail so the first
step
in glucose conversion um to ethanol is
glycolysis
so during glycolysis glucose is
converted to pyruvate
and then these two pyruvate through
acetaldehyde
it's going to produce ethanol and you
can
regenerate the electron carrier nad
back and forth carrying the electrons
for this whole
biochemical reaction so ethanol are
generally
commonly known as grind alcohol mainly
because
it's most of the ethanol come from corn
in the u.s
and also other grains and potatoes and
these all contain starch starch is made
up of 100 glucose
so when you break the starch you get
glucose and you can
produce ethanol in in the in the brazil
in brazil they use sugarcane as a main
raw material for ethanol production
so it is as energy efficient making
um ethanol from corn it used 25
more energy then we use energy to grow
um the corn so it is energy efficient if
you look at energy output input ratio is
1.6
um ratio so so by by doing this way
if you wanted to produce corn for only
fuel purpose it is still energy
efficient
so if you compare gasoline with ethanol
and you can see this
octane number it's comparable uh
the main fuel source of course gasoline
is crude oil then you can make a variety
of
sources for ethanol from corn to
agriculture waste to grind to sugarcane
energy content is equal almost you know
quite good gasoline is under 925 000 btu
whereas
85 ethanol is 80 000 btu energy ratio is
compared
to gasoline is 70 and both are liquid
fuel so this is what is needed for
currently for transportation sector
so if you take starch um mainly from
corn and potato or anything else which
is made up of 100 starch
you need to hydrolyze starch um by
adding amylase
enzyme and you get glucose and this is
your raw material for ethanol
as i said before it undergoes glycolysis
via pyruvate and acetaldehyde
and you make ethanol in biochemically
so first you need to add variety of
enzymes so here you need
amylase to break down starch to glucose
this is how it is done in
commercially and then you need a
pyruvate for oxidant
which is basically the yeast can produce
these enzyme oxide reduxtase
acetaldehyde
hydrogenase and ethanol dehydrogenase so
these are all produced by
yeast itself but here we are adding
amylase to breakdown starch
to make glucose and from glucose onwards
yeast will take over and produce ethanol
so yeast is this amazing biocatalyst
it can produce an ethanol variety of
waste
we can some east use music
six carbon sugar and some use some of
them
uh these can use bicarbonate sugar so we
have pentose and exo sugar
so the biochemical pathway is glycolysis
and pentose phosphorus pathway
and the organisms can do fermentation
reaction and
variety as way to make your ethanol
and also it assimilates some of the
carbon
for growth and so that's why during
glycolysis it gets to atp so you can use
this energy for growth
um again it's a that's your ferment
biochemistry of starch fermentation
and again again from glucose ethanol
yeast can produce these
enzymes to take over so you need to make
glucose from starch
so this process is done adding amylase
in
ethanol factory
so the steps involved in corn ethanol
is you take the raw material
as corn or wheat go through milling
and then we do this enzymatic hydrolysis
this is where you add your amylase
to break down starch to glucose
and then you go through mashing and then
you add your yeast
and fermentation reaction takes place in
big tanks
and then the product separation takes
place and then you make ethanol
and dry distiller grind is one of the
byproduct which is used as an animal
feed
has a lot of protein okay
so that says steps involved in grain
ethanol
so milling liquefaction securification
fermentation distillation dehydration
denaturing and co-products
so those are various steps involved in
making
corn ethanol okay
so currently uh ethanol from corn
industry
is a mature technology and we are making
commercially a lot of ethanol from
corn and if you look at this map in the
u.s
we have more than 200 bioethanol plants
and they make
10 billion close to 10 billion gallons
of ethanol
every year so so we're making ethanol to
enough ethanol to make 10
additive in our gasoline so this is
commercially mature
technology currently so
how do you make ethanol from cellulosic
material
we're talking about agriculture residue
we're talking about um wood wood chips
and all the
biomass how do you make that so
cellulosic ethanol is mainly
um made from cellulose and also
um xylosic sugar
cellulose main purpose is to provide
structure to the plants
and you can get this from any plant
material that is currently we are
burning in agriculture
crop in india and china
so you can some way to economically
harvest after you produce your food crop
you can process this agriculture biomass
and get sugar out of this cellulose
and hemi cellulose and then you can use
such
as raw material to make the same process
like
i showed you for cone ethanol to make
ethanol
so the process concept is simple you
take the agriculture residue
and do chemical treatment to delignify
remove the lignin and get cellulose
available xylosurveil
and do enzymatic hydrolysis to get your
glucose
and do fermentation and you make ethanol
that's a simple
concept of how this technology works
so there are a lot of biofuel crops
in the market people currently use um
mostly sugarcane and some
agriculture residue from you know wheat
and corn corn plant mace
and if you look at it this is a power
density of
each of those um biofuel crops okay
so the sugarcane we we like it because
it's a high power density
so the main purpose of uh the cellulose
semicellulose and lignin
is to provide plan its structure
okay so plants make this to make a
make it structurally uh viable
molecule so your plant can you know be
withstand
a lot of those pathogens and protect the
plants so
it's basically made up of um glucose if
you look at cellulose it's 100 made up
of glucose
and then we have hemi cellulose made up
of some pentose and hexoses
and then lignin is made up of a
polyphenolic compound
so here is uh when you break it down
these three major
component of the plant material they are
lignin
cellulose and hemicellulose and this is
your
um hemi cellulose and this is your
cellulose and
when you break down lignin lignin is
made up of this polyphenolic compound
these are the major one
cumerical alcohol conifer alcohols and
alcohol alcohol are the major components
of this lignin which is polyphenol
um so just to show you what are the
different sugars in hemicellulose um
we have these the hexose and pentose
they are made up of xylose mannose
glucose
galactose we combinedly call them
xylosic sugar
which makes this hemicellulosic
component of the plant
and if you look at cellulose is a 100
percent
made up of glucose so you know if you
can
make some kind of economically viable
pre-treatment to break this
and release um cellulose and hydrolyzed
cellulose you get
100 glucose and this is going to be your
raw material for your
um ethanol fermentation and and you can
also use this sugar
as well and we have this phenolic
compound this phenolic compound could be
used
to make biodiesel okay
so the compo the composition in general
it varies from crop to crop um
15 to 25 percent of plant has lignin
content uh hemi cellulose 23 to 32
percent and cellulose 38 to 50 percent
but it varies some plants have you know
more cellulose and some class has less
cellulose
so you can use grass you can use any
plant material to make ethanol
so if you look at any plant that takes
the solar energy and make this fiber
and this fiber can be harvested and
pre-treated
to release glucose and then go through
the fermentation make your ethanol
and you know we can use this ethanol for
transportation purpose when you use when
you burn your
fuel you're releasing co2 which can go
back and the plant can take the co2 and
fix the co2 make the
biomass so it is kind of a carbon
neutral
you're closing the loop the carbon is
cycle is complete
if you use this biofuel technology
uh is this environmentally sound as i
said it is environmentally sound
um but the the cost prohibition
of making this to work is to
get this fiber you know you harvest and
is voluminous you need to kind of
you know transport them to a central
locale and do pre-treatment
uh and get the sugar out and go through
your
canal fermentation process and and then
whatever waste comes out you can use as
cogen to make your electricity
and so it is environmentally sound
but again we're competing with
cheap gasoline so that's where the
debate comes into play
how how to make it viable technology
so once you um get your material
you you have two possibilities you can
go through biochemical route
are thermochemical wrap so here are your
feedstock
we are talking about agriculture rescue
you can use forest residue or you can
grow energy crop crops that are mainly
grown for
doing this energy production and then
now we can use municipal solid waste as
well for this
purpose and so you can use hydrolysis
fermentation
biocatalysis for biochemical wrap a
thermochemical rod you can use
combustion gasification pyrolysis
and and in in this route you can make
variety of product
and here you can make your electricity
heat steam
and plastics and other material bio oil
and all that stuff you can make
so you can use uh if you look at the
landfill what is the landfill 70 percent
what's going in the landfill is
lignocellulose material
so if some way somehow we can separate
and get this
that could be additional raw material
for your biofuels
okay and in the u.s we have variety of
biomass available we have energy crop
people
grow energy crop for this purpose
especially sugarcane
we call energy cane and we have
agriculture crop residue from corn wheat
rice
cotton whatever left on the field okay
ten percent go back
as a fertilizer to as a soil amendment
uh
90 of the crop residue could be
potentially used for
lignocellulosic material and then we
have forest residue from
um in a sawmill where we produce our
lumber
as i said landfill is a potential source
of lignocellulosic
materials so
based on all that the usda come up with
an estimate of
50 billion gallons of waste
we can from the base we can make ethanol
um usda say come up with an estimate of
80 billion gallon
possibility one-third could be used in
transportation
industry and by 2050
and we can produce these energy crops
which grass
114 million acres that's a possibility
of making 165 billion gallon of ethanol
per year currently making roughly 10
billion
gallon of ethanol so there is a
potential possibility to increase
tenfold
of ethanol from energy crop and variety
of agriculture residue
again so you need to grow some energy
crop or you can use
the waste material bioprocess it
go through series of pre-treatment and
go through fermentation once you get the
sugar then the step
is the same like a cone ethanol which is
a mature technology
and then you can use biofuel for
whatever purpose you can use but you
still produce some
emissions but as i said before um
comparatively speaking um it's kind of
carbon neutral
almost all the carbon we generate can be
recycled back when plant when we grow
plant again
plant fixes the co2 so this is what we
call now
new crude or the crude come from the
agriculture
is our new crude for our biorefinery
so once you process the various raw
material you can make this c5 and c6
sugar and you can treat this sugar from
agriculture sector as
your oil is an exact concept of refinery
you can we call this biorefinery so you
can make variety of product
i'm talking about ethanol diesel jet
fuel
most of the material and also you can
use the sugar platform and make fine
chemicals so depending on
the need once you get the sugar you can
produce a variety of products there's a
lot of advantage as i said
before it benefits environment it
benefits agriculture industry and there
is food security because
we are mainly using base material from
agriculture crop um
and the main advantage is uh less
greenhouse gas
um reduced dependence on oil most
countries import oil so we can
have almost energy independent okay
and diversify your agricultural economy
in rural
side of the country okay so once you get
your raw material
you can make a lot of fine chemicals you
can make energy
whatever the need of the country you can
make the technology is there
and the challenge is to get the sugar
and once you get the sugar you can use
the sugar platform as a biorefiner
so we started out with first chen which
is our corn and sugar
sugar to make ethanol the second
generation
is the lignocellulosic material
the third generation is a biofuel from
algae
and the fourth generation is biohydrogen
so
this right now we're talking about these
two technology
and so we're talking about biofuel
making
um biodiesel uh and also
talking about making ethanol from
agriculture waste so you can make a
variety of
raw material from energy crop to
agriculture residue
and we can use them all but you have to
process them in a way
and it should be economically a viable
technology so
main thing is if you look at the
structure of the plant
all these are bound together
so it's not bioavailable so if uh
it's a complex structure so you need to
first remove lignin
and get the cellulose semicellulose out
of the plant fiber
and then you do pretreatment to get the
sugar out
so there is a lot of process involved to
get the sugar out so first need to
remove the lignin
and then you get the sugar out of these
polymeric
structure so this
is how it looks like so you need to
somehow separate lignin
out of the plant fiber and release
cellular semicellulose
and then you enzymatically hydrolyze
them and get the sugar
and then you once you get the sugar the
technology
is same as corn ethanol
all right the motivation started here
because of an
oil price went up to 100 almost hundred
dollars a barrel
then president bush at the time
promoted biofuel as a way to go
and that's how the technology started
really picked up really fast in u.s
and so again the motivation is a price
of
gasoline went up in the early part of
2000 so i want to
emphasize some basic fact about what we
really need we what we really need is
the services that energy provides the
service we get from energy is heat
mobility light those are the services we
get
energy has fundamentally different
qualities
and all carriers are interchangeable
and all btu are not created equal
industry the society literally stops
if you don't have any liquid fear so the
liquid feel is a key
for our society now so we need liquid
here
at least for next few decades until
you know the solar energy and until we
get the battery powered car
has become norm of um everyday life so
so this is just to show you if you don't
have liquid feel
we everything will completely stop um
in the world currently
so let's talk about all the energies we
talk about
coal we have plenty of coal uh no
problem
natural gas um there's a lot of natural
gas currently in the u.s we import from
canada and mexico
um in because of the uh
frac uh fracking technology we produce
more oil nowadays in the u.s
um as i said it's a it's it's not
sustainable
at some point you're going to run out of
oil so we need to depend on
finding new technology especially
biofuels okay
so also petroleum dependence undermines
a lot of things climate security
economic security international security
and world stability so for these reasons
we need to get away from petroleum and
try to go into this route
of biofuels
so biofuels including cellulosic ethanol
alternative that can provide all these
as i said
uh greenhouse gas reduction economic
advantage national security
um and the rest of the talk i'm going to
focus on
from agriculture residue how to make
ethanol okay so let's go through the
process what is commercially now
successful so from khan this technology
is mature
we make 10 billion gallon of ethanol so
you take corn
and get the hydrolytic process get sugar
fermentation distillation drying you
make ethanol this is this is well proven
technology
commercially in the us and in brazil
we make plenty of uh through corn and
this is
from sugarcane from um um
from brazil into a corn they use
sugarcane okay
uh if you look at the cellulosic um
biofuel so from you get the plant fiber
pre-treat them do the hydrolysis get the
sugar and from once you get to this
point everything is the same
so here you need to work on reducing the
cost
and once you get the sugar and you the
technology is the same
and then the other possibility is you
can
take this plant fiber and go through
your thermochemical route
and you can produce heat and power and
fuel and chemicals so
these are variety of possibility that we
can
do whichever is um suited for a
particular country
so let's look at uh major cost elements
um so if you look at at one point when
gasoline was produced first um the raw
material cost was high
uh bio processing cost was
also high as a result um the oil
cost was higher when the technology
started
so you have constant raw material and
cost of processing right
so there's two costs involved so if you
look at the
cost to make them uh 70 percent
petroleum cars and processing are 30
currently but at the beginning
getting this uh was also high okay
because of this r d science uh we reduce
the processing costs
constantly so so the same thing applied
for biofuel
so we have this um
industry depends on cost of oil
um we have this margin of oil price to
work with
so here is the cost of your biomass um
so we need to reduce the cost
of producing ethanol from biofuel
the processing cost so we have
as long as your barrier oil is 60 65
it is still possible if we can
make this economically viable okay if
the price of oil goes to
below then our process cannot compete
so there is a big margin to play with it
so that's why the r d is key to reduce
the processing cost
of this technology so i'm going to show
you some example how this all
first started for uh gasoline industry
when
gasoline was produced first um early
years
you have this cost of getting the
oil out but the processing cost was high
because this technology was improving
people are making
um you know how to cheaply make various
products from crude oil
right and now if you look at it it
flipped um
the processing cost is low because of
oil price going up though the raw
material cost is high
right um in the future the raw material
costs going to go up because we're going
to use more oil more oil there's no more
oil to get so this price going to go up
so your processing costs can make and
reduce a little bit
more so the same scenario is going to
play for
cellulosic ethanol okay so we're going
to look at
um ethanol production from
from brazil and this slide i borrowed
from
brazil brazilian colleague and you can
see that
the the ethanol production cost
went down in brazil because of r d
because of science uh input they reduce
the cost
okay it's comparable to gasoline cost
so the same thing you can like oil have
at the early stage
um they went through this we can do the
same thing here
so here is the biomass cost today
the processing cost is high what
through science they are trying to
achieve is reduce this cost
so you're you're going to have overall
um
economically viable energy
coming from biomass so we
but through our constant evolution of
science and technology we are trying to
reduce the cost of processing the
biomass
and so we can have overall a cheaper
energy source
so that's um so we're doing this by
learning by
doing in large scale because a lot of
people are working on
in a lot of different labs so in
cooperation
so we can reduce this cost and
in the future we can have comparable
energy to oil okay and
it it is attractive mainly because you
can
any country can produce this energy you
don't have to depend on oil producing
country for your economy
it improves the environment and again
it's gonna
improve a rural economy uh because
you produce these crops in rural side of
your country
so in the u.s currently we have these
are the plant
um that that commercially put up
um producing various raw material from
corn stover to
vegetative waste and they pre this is a
capacity of
each plant that produce ethanol okay
so most of them use this effects
pre-treatment technology which is the
ammonia fiber expansion
for pre-treatment i'm going to show you
what that means in a minute
and so if you look at the whole process
is you get the crop take it to storage
reduce the size because these are bulk
and voluminous
and then you pre-treat them the
pre-treatment is done to
remove the lignin right and this is
where there's a lot of different
technology out there
fx is one of them and then you
enzymatically hydrolyze
and get the sugar out and go through
ethanol recovery and residue utilization
based treatment okay
and you can also hydrolyze the
conditioning and
go through the hydraulic hydraulic side
for fermentation and go through
an ethanol recovery so here we are
talking about this part
to reduce the cost of production of
ethanol
from cellulosic material okay
so so that's what the whole design is
so we we're working on this part and
from here
to make ethanol this technology is
already matured
from corn industry the process is the
same you're trying to get the sugar
trying to get this pre-treatment cost is
what people are working on reducing it
so this is how it looks like overall
cellulosic biomass
to produce ethanol you get the raw
material from different source go
through pre-treatment solid liquid
separation
enzymatic hydrolysis fermentation
product recovery and then you can do the
hemicellulosic part and use the
hemicellulosic sugar
and go through making ethanol residue
processing and
and co-product use okay
so let's talk about the one of the
commonly used pre-treatment method which
is called ammonium fiber expansion
short uh in short it's called effects um
effects is uh basically you take the
biomass put in a reactor
and you put ammonia and heat
and so it expands and you
get the lignin out and then you can you
recover the ammonia and reuse the
ammonia so you can have reduced
cost and the treated biomass um
has cellulose and hemi cellulose which
can be processed
further so rapid pressures release
um ends treatment and 99
ammonia is recovered and reused the
remaining
cells as a nitrogen source for
downstream for fermentation
so affects process is commercially
successful in the u.s and of course it's
a pattern technology so anybody that
uses you have to pay royalty
this technology sugars are not degraded
you get 100
sugar available for fermentation and no
inhibitors are produced
okay so based on uh
effects modeling and the cost
of producing ethanol from
crop residue is a dollar forty one
per gallon from fx technology compared
to
acid pre-treatment hot water free
treatment
lime and corn dry milk so this
technology is
uh right there and it um they're trying
to reduce the cost currently that's what
the cost
based on um what is the ammonia use and
the
technology use
so a result of economic analysis shows
that you can reduce ammonia loading
people are constantly tinkering with
that you can reduce the required ammonia
recycle concentration and reduce capital
costs
um so people are working on it and then
they're saying that in the future
if to process 2205 dry ton per day scale
you can make ethanol 62 cents a gallon
i mean this is what they're predicting
right if this happens
i mean this can be a lot cheaper than um
gasoline price currently so this is uh
based on a lot of modeling and this is
possible
using fx in the us okay that is
so when it matures this technology when
a lot of people use this this this will
even go down
to below 60 cents a gallon
so because of inexpensive ethanol so
environment improvement is possible
petroleum dominant going to decline
and rural economic development is
possible so these are all advantages of
um using ethanol from
biomass especially agricultural waste
okay and again it is not competing with
food so there is no food versus fuel
debate
we are we are talking about crop residue
we are not competing
making crop for energy purpose
okay so based on all this uh modeling
the michigan state university come up
with this
um technology uh how it can be
uh you know transferred so you get
you need to have all this
pre-treatment industry in the rural area
in a cooperative way so you don't want
to have one
big meal you want to have a lot of small
meals
all around different farms so say say
50 farm farmers can get together and
make a
a cooperative regional bioprocessing
center
right biomass processing center and then
we can collect
raw material whatever raw materials
produce at this particular
area you can process them in in
different ways
i can you can produce um high value
use like for protein enzyme power plant
biorefinery make ethanol
and treated biomass go back to
agriculture use so
this is what they are predicting the way
of the future
so make a lot of small cooperative
biomass
processing center in rural economy and
this is supposed to help
rural economy in the u.s as well as in
other countries
so let's talk about some of the myths
out there so if you
if i talk to my friends around here they
even have the same
question so they say ethanol has
negative net energy
people say that uh say
gasoline's net energy is worse than
ethanol in reality
okay uh ethanol will drive up food
prices people say that
it's uh complicated uh it's no easy
sounds right for that cellulosic ethanol
will reduce the food prices because we
are working on
using crop residue um
some people say ethanol is bad
environment
compared to what a con ethanol is
actually superior to gasoline now in
most metrics if you look at it
so cellulosic ethanol is even better
okay
ethanol will always cost more than
gasoline but if you look at some of
those
modeling people are working on
especially in
enroll which is in in the u.s a major
research lab and they're predicting it's
it's getting cheaper
in using modern technology
so so we need to have um
a way to get the lignin out
uh affects is one of the successful
pre-treatment but there are a lot of
other pre-treatment out there but the
way i wanted to focus on using
biological process so you can use some
fungus
to get rid of this lignin instead of
going through even effects or
acid or alkaline pre-treatment so if you
look at the steps involved you need to
do the pre-treatment
and then you get the sugar out you get
ethanol so this is where
affects is only successfully proven here
but you can work with other
pre-treatment method
my focus is work on biological
pre-treatment
um using fungal enzymes
so we have different pre-treatment we
have acid hydrolysis alkaline hydrolysis
here is your ammonium fiber expansion i
showed you how that works
a lot of people use ionic liquid
pre-treatment right this is still not
is still expensive it's not commercially
viable yet
and so far in the us this is the
technology that's been proven
commercially
a viable technology and so
the focus for me is to use microorganism
itself
right and especially fungus to use this
peroxidase enzyme so you can get the
lignin
out in one big uh
reactor so that that's what i'm working
on okay
so enzymatic by biomass treatment is uh
very helpful you can reduce the cost you
can reduce the water use
uh enzyme can be easily recovered reused
and uh you don't need to have um
complicated technology for that all you
need to use the right organism to
produce
enzyme so here's just to show you the
water requirement for
various pre-treatment and
so it's really high all the red
bars for different uh processes
the water use is really high but if you
use an enzymatic
technology for removing lignin the water
use
is less so there's another advantage of
using
biological enzyme to remove lignin
so i'm focusing on using lignin
enzyme peroxidase enzyme
it's a multi-copper enzyme belongs to
group of blue copper proteins
like is mainly produced by fungi um
and we are working with the white rod
and brown rot fungi to remove lignin
and it really works well
it's not very complicated it's a
well-proven enzyme working for
various purposes like degrading dyes and
various activities you can do with this
enzyme
so these enzymes are produced by a lot
of different organisms
like especially insects like termites
inside there's microorganisms that can
process the wood these termites eat and
they can
produce a lot of variety of enzymes
so the same function is enzyme so you
want to use the enzyme to remove the
lignin
and get the cellulose and hemicellulose
out and go through
hydrolytic steps okay
so that's how this technology works
instead of
using other pretreatment method we are
looking at using um
lignin and lignin peroxidase enzyme from
white rod and brow rod fungi
and get the molecule out and go through
securification stuff
and get your ethanol in this way so
that's another way to do that
so when you use this um enzyme so it
breaks this lignin you can you can see
that in electron microscope
before and after treatment and
delignified cell
and then you can get the cellulose and
hemicellulose out of this complex matrix
and that's how it looks like after you
treat some with
a fungal enzyme you get the pre-treated
biomass
so i'm going to show you some technology
how we are going to use
the fungal enzyme instead of using
effects or acid treatment or alkaline
pre-treatment we can use fungal enzyme
to produce your raw material for
fermentation so
and the the this is my research that
in my lab we did that some time back i'm
gonna share
the result again uh this introductory
slide is the same thing i just went
through we need a liquid feel
um so we are trying to get it through
biomass and this is a carbon neutral
and currently we are not producing
enough
we need to produce more biofuels
okay if you look at it one percent of
the world energy demand is by
bio biofuels so the u.s
government said a lot of goals did they
keep changing that um
now um depending on the gasoline price
and now it went a dollar fifty gallon
for ethanol
it used to be 233 when that gasoline
price was high
uh so we work with the sugarcane
especially
the energy cane because in the state i
live in
it's a sugarcane state and they
they have a variety of this cane that
has high
biomass and less sugar
but the advantage of using this energy
cane is
um you can this can tolerate cold
weather
because this sugar cane in louisiana
they harvest in september because
before freeze comes in but this energy
can can
withstand coal so you can you know grow
them all
all through the year and also you can
grow them in
less agriculturally viable land marginal
and it grows really well that's the
reason that
the state is promoting this for energy
production
so if you compare um the energy cane
with uh regular sugarcane here is energy
cane it has more biomass
if you look at it the fiber content the
fiber content is
more compared to the real sugarcane that
produce sugar
so we want to grow this sugarcane and
get this high rich fiber and process
this fiber for
producing ethanol so we started out um
you know collecting the um sugarcane
from this usda sugarcane lab
and processed it um in the lab and
again we need to remove the lignin and
get the cellulose semicellulose out
and once you get the cellulose um
you each hundred percent glucose and
then once you get the hemicellulose you
get pentose and
exosus and then lignin is phenol so we
want to use
all three polymeric
structure in this plant fiber okay i'm
going to show you how we did that
so you just take your raw material in
this case sugar cane
pre-treat them um
[Music]
i'm going to show you some acid
alcoholic treatment and then i'm going
to show you how we use the fungal enzyme
and then we did the fermentation
distillation
so this is some of the objective of our
research and why we did that
and we come first started with acid
pretreatment we want to compare the
result with
acid alkaline and our fungal enzymes so
here is our
acid pre-treatment dilute um
sulfuric acid we use and then there's a
fungal enzyme we process from this white
rod and brown rod fungus so basically
you
grow this fungus or right on the crop
itself the cut biomass itself put in a
bag
spray this fungus let it grow and soften
the
lignin that's what we do
um and then we went through um enzymatic
so clarification once the process the
fungus
was treated for a couple of days we take
the biomass and go through
um enzymatic hydrolysis to get your
cellulose and hemispheres
and we used first yeast and then we used
our own recombinant e coli that can
process both sugar
heavy cellulosic sugar and cellulosic
sugar so we worked with these as well as
these
recombinant e coli so here's a result
so is the acid free treatment uh
different one percent to four percent
and you see ethanol yield and that much
this is without enzymatic hydrolysis
just
acid pre-treatment whatever sugar
released okay
so you can see that
the more acid you had the more ethanol
we produce
four percent and three percent there is
statistically no difference a three
percent
acid seems to be the optimum
acid pre-treatment for this okay
and this is alkaline pretreatment just
to increase the ph with
sodium hydroxide and if you look at the
ph
13 and 12 there is no statistically
and any difference in yield so
th 12 worked as well as ps13
and here is the fungal enzyme so here is
a
white rod and brown rod and you put some
all together
so when you spray with the biomass with
both
cereal periapsis and vanilla key you
produce more ethanol
compared to individually you treat them
with this fungus
okay and just to show you what
amount of glucose we produce in all this
here is your alkaline treatment
is acid treatment is a fungal treatment
so we produce
a statistically um significant amount of
sugar in all these
three different pre-treatment methods
your xyloseal
okay
so now we want to combine this um
fungal pre-treatment with sulfuric acid
pretreatment so you can reduce the
acid used in your pretreatment to make
it commercially viable
the idea here is when you harvest the
sugarcane you're going to store it
when you store it the biomass before you
process it you spray it with this fungus
for a few days
as a result and you can reduce your acid
uh instead of three percent you can use
the acid to one percent
so that's going to reduce your
pre-treatment costs so here we've
sprayed for two days
of fungus and then we treated them with
different acids
and you can see this one percent um
acid produced as much as three percent
without fungal treatment so we can
reduce two percent of acid used
by using additional
fungal treatment during storage of this
biomass that's what we're trying to do
here
we can reduce this cost of pre-treatment
by using biological
process and that i showed you is without
enzymatic hydrolysis now we work with
this uh
e coli which is um we we did this work
to
get uh e coli that can produce sugar
from both
cellulosic and xylosic sugar um
we put some um genes in this to work on
it just to show you how we did it
uh we did some knockout experiment and
we used this um
zymomonas mobilis ultra dehydrogenase
pyruvate
carboxylase in the e coli and we
mixed acids we knocked out and produced
only ethanol
okay so just to show you we
knocked out these genes so the bacteria
are not producing any of this product
uh it only produces ethanol
and in this way you can make a 95
percent yield of ethanol
okay and just to show this concept
um this is the xylose and ethanol
we grow them in the lab in five liter
fermenter
you can see the xylosic sugar go down
because we put a
gene in this bacteria and then the
biomass
bacterial biomass going up organic acid
going down when we did the knockout
of these acids um you increase the yield
of ethanol
you don't produce any acid here after
you knock out the gene
so we improve the yield we make a
theoretical yield
of ethanol from
almost theoretically from using this
genetically modified
bacteria and we just proved a
point we did the pilot scale um using
bagans which is one of the solid waste
come out of the sugar factory
and we used a lot of this
enzyme to get the sugar out and then you
can
fermentation was done in a 5 liter
fermenter and you can see that we're
producing
reducing all the sugar total sugar
glucose xylose come from this processed
pre-treated energy crop and bacterial
cell mass going up
a new ethanol yield going up so we we
have proven this technology that
you can combine biological pretreatment
with
acid pretreatment reduce the use of acid
you can reduce the pre-treatment okay
you can make ethanol from
your um biomass okay so this is the one
research uh we we did in the past and
just want to share the result
um now i'm going to show you
we have a lignin left right the lignin
has a lot of phenolic compound i want to
show you how the
phenolic compound can be used to produce
microbial lipids and the microbial
lipids can be used as biodiesel
and the rest of the time i have i'm
going to share that okay
so again the need for this is
why we do microbial lipids so same need
because we
need a transportation field that's what
uh
currently we the energy is mostly used
for transportation that's why we
are finding different biofuels
um we have us mandated to make how much
biofuel so
yet not able to meet that standard we're
trying to still
baby law we are only making 10 billion
gallons and by 2022 we are supposed to
be making
uh more than uh 35 close to 36 billion
a gallon of renewable fuel we are not
able to meet that yet so we need to find
a lot of different ways to meet the us
government mandate
so let's talk about uh biodiesel so
biodiesel nowadays produced from
jatropha
and other oil seed and one of the
problem is it produced methyl bromide
uh metal bromide uh uh you know it's you
know one of those uh
bad things for in the environment the
european union uh abandoned that
you don't want to produce this so it is
one of the byproducts and from oil seed
okay
another problem is four mile is a poor
biodiesel
because it congeals at low temperature
uh it has to be catalytically you need
to crack it or mix it
uh it also needs a shorter chain length
uh so you need to you can do that by
biologically putting anti-semi lung aces
in the plant
um you need more mono unsaturation so
you need to engineer desaturation
so there are a lot of things need to be
improved on in palm oil so you can do
genetic
engineering to do that modify the genes
in the plant
and so once you make the oil you can you
know
go through um processing and you make
your biodiesel
so uh you know only by bringing
you know genes from elsewhere you can do
that so you put those genes in the
plants
so you can make your bio diesel from
plant uh work better so you can reduce
those
poor quality you produce currently
so what are the lipids looking at wax
which are polymers along fatty acid
cutin
polymers of short fatty acids and then
we have triglycerides
these are the three fatty acid chain
bound to single molecule
of glycerol so these are all the lipids
we're talking about
and biodiesel come from various sources
and we have you know mainly current oil
source you have this triglyceride
and then you add methanol and catalyst
and you produce glycerol
and you make your biodiesel methyl
esters
so you are familiar with jutropa for
biodiesel
chatropa indonesia malaysia they produce
a lot
thirty percent of seeds get you know 140
per ton optimistically uh fruits so you
hand harvest and dry
and you know seeds are removed by hand
and
we really don't know whether it is
economically viable or not um
so some more information on jatropha is
a
you know common name is black vomit nut
forge nut
common oil name is hell oil it produces
this toxin that's another
problem when you process it you get this
cursing
similar to ryzen from
another plant that we i'm going to show
you
so there's no antidote for this poison
and jet proper poisoning is
very it resembles organophosphate
intoxication
so what to do with these toxic
byproducts is another problem of uh
jetroca
uh so as i said before these are some of
those um
eels of jatrupa variety how much cursing
is produced
when you process them is very almost
equal to ricin
cotton toxin um cursing is heat
degradable
okay so um
so castor is another you can produce oil
castor a similar problem like jatropa
and here you produce the toxin rising
right so from one milligram per kilogram
of toxic
uh you produce 50 liters of 13 gallons
of thing
but the rising by-product can kill three
people so there is some
problem of this uh byproduct from
jatropha as well as rising
uh so that's the reason that in some
other state in
in us they banned um processing of these
uh
seeds so you cannot you know process
castor in oklahoma because of this uh
production of rysine and curtain so
that's the problem
uh in some other states in the us they
banned
so what is the solution for
making biodiesel so
you can go to algae or you can go to
microorganism
like bacteria right i'm going to show
you how you can make from
bacteria all right so that's another
source of making biodiesel so people are
working on algae
to make biodiesel they make methyl
esters like um
exactly like biodiesel product
um i'm going to show you how to
use this lignin
polyphenolic compound that come from the
sugarcane
processing you can make biodiesel okay
um so as i said before the oil price is
cheap nowadays
as a result some of these companies i
showed you at the beginning of the
slide went bankrupt because they
couldn't compete
with the oil price and now the oil price
is stabilizing a little better but uh
when the oil price went down this
company has to shut down their plants
that produced lignocellulosic ethanol
so what is biodiesel as i said it's a
transesterification of renewable oil
um non-toxic biodegradable
you can get less greenhouse and gas
emissions
uh most common feedstocks soybean algae
waste animal fat and oil
um but the feedstock cost is high
um if you take from these sources it
competes with food source
right so you take a methanol and add
catalyst and
do the transesterification and you make
biodiesel and byproduct is glycerin
um they produce so
we are using oligogenesis microbe
in in this case rhodococcus uh opaquers
and um this organism uh accumulates more
more than twenty percent of biomass is
lipid okay
uh it stores this liquid liquids
intracellularly as a reserve
that's the natural part of why it is
storing
um it is water-soluble triester of
glycerol and fatty acids
it happened during the stationary phase
of the
bacterial growth it occurs in the
presence of
carbon excess carbon and nitrogen
limitin